What Makes The Geography Enjoyable - 1450 Words

In the scenic region of Hawaii, where the beautiful sunsets and nice weather are, lies our futuristic city. The climate in our city is favorable because it’s always warm and sunny. What makes the geography enjoyable in our city is that is that it abides on an Island where Mauna Kea and oceanic surroundings are. Some innovations in our city include, wind turbines, which provide electricity, and rainwater collectors that filter out the rainwater and provide fresh water. Overall, our city’s climate and geographical location are desirable, have moderate temperatures, and lots of sunshine. Innovation is at the heart of our city, from new and improved trash management systems, to fast and efficient transportation. Incinerators are one of our cities biggest innovations yet, workers bring all the unwanted trash to the incinerators and incinerate it and with the steam generated electricity. Another major innovation in our city is the transportation, we have a Hyperloop which is a fast traveling train that travels through tubes at approximately 375 mph in the city. It’s not far from our way of a train station or bus stop. Another form of transportation is that our vehicles are all solar powered. All of our energy comes from our solar panels, wind turbines, and incinerator complexes. We don’t control our city’s pollution because we have little to no pollution. The education system in our city is Pre-k through College. The health care in our city is cheap, and as a bonusShow MoreRelatedSticks and Stones, The Names Did Hurt Me Essay1186 Words   |  5 Pagesthe day bloody end. I was sitting in Geography listening to the teacher drone on about tectonic plates. Like what is the deal with tectonic plates? We learn it in Physics, Chemistry AND Geography... I had 2 periods of Geography...and it was getting close to the end of the torture! I had no idea why I was there. I mean Geography is fucking boring and I have to do it for my GCSEs. GCSES! I mean, I chose history because I thought it was interesting and enjoyable but then, everyone had to choose it soRead MoreGuns and Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Society by Jared Diamond 1621 Words   |  7 Pagesfor New Guinea. This is a great approach for New Guinea at this time because they lacked in technological advances. European conquest of New Guinea and Australia likely occurred due to their technological advances, as well as their environment and geography. Europeans were so advanced at the time that they were able to adapt to a new environment and use techniques they used in Europe such as writing. Guns, Germs and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies by Diamond answers some great questions about howRead More From a Dream to Reality Essay1309 Words   |  6 Pagesaround me and I like taking the time to listen and talk to them so that they are able to express what is on their mind. 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A good teacher need to enlarge his/her general knowledge on culture, society, biology, geography†¦ to provide students what they want to know. Beside, a good teacher must be a person who are open to change. He/she must know â€Å"the only real constant in life is change†. There is a place not only for tradition but also for new ways, new ideas and new methodsRead MoreQualities of a Good Teacher988 Words   |  4 Pages Imagine you are dreaming being a teacher, you must accept that there are no doubt that knowledge is the first quality of a good teacher. A good teacher need to enlarge his/her general knowledge on culture, society, biology, geography†¦ to provide students what they want to know. Beside, a good teacher must be a person who are open to change. He/she must know â€Å"the only real constant in life is change†. There is a place not only for tradition but also for new ways, new ideas and new methods

Assignments IBL2 Free Essays

string(223) " Double Taxation Treaties between any of these states, which ones of them may impose income taxes on Ann\? On what income may they impose such taxes\? On what bases may they do so\? Situation 2: Mal Hombre was a rock star\." Assignments IBL2 November 2009-11-24 All subgroups number 1: Answer the following questions: a. end of chapter 10 questions number 1, 4, 5 and 6 b. give your opinion on the following situation: Intermediary Oil Co. We will write a custom essay sample on Assignments IBL2 or any similar topic only for you Order Now (IOC) of Country A purchased fuel oil that was at sea aboard a tanker. IOC then contracted to sell the oil to Big City Power Co. (BCPC) in Country B. At the time that IOC purchased the cargo of fuel oil, it received a certificate from the foreign refinery that had produced the oil certifying that its sulfur content was 0. 52 percent. When IOC contracted to sell the oil to BCPC, IOC stated that the sulfur content of the oil was 0. 5 percent (IOC rounded off the 0. 52 percent as was the custom in the trade). During its negotiations with BCPC, IOC learned that BCPC was allowed by local regulations to burn oil containing up to 1. 0 percent sulfur and that BCPC mixed the oils that it received containing greater or lesser percentages to maintain that amount. When the tanker arrived with the oil at BCPC’s storage depot, the oil’s sulfur content proved to be 0. 92 percent. BCPC rejected the shipment. IOC immediately offered BCPC a reduced price, but BCPC rejected this. The next day IOC offered to cure the defective shipment by substituting conforming oil that was on a tanker that was due to arrive approximately 4 weeks after the original delivery date. BCPC rejected this offer to cure. IOC then sued for breach of contract. The trial court, applying the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) as the governing law, held for IOC, concluding that IOC’s timely offer to cure had been improperly rejected and that BCPC was required to accept the substitute shipment. BCPC appealed. Should the appeals court affirm? All subgroups number 2: Give your opinion on and discuss the two following situations: Situation 1: Mellow Wine Co. of Country C (in Europe) produces and exports wines. It sold 1,245 cases of its wine to Tippler Distributing Co. in Country D (in North America). The contract did not use any trade terms or specify any delivery terms to any specific destination. Mellow, through its agent in Country D, selected Bigport for the port of entry in Country D. Mellow then delivered the wine to an ocean-going carrier at a port in Country C for transport to Country D on July 5 of last year. The shipping documents and the markings on the goods identified the wine as belonging to Tippler. Some six weeks later, on August 20, Tippler learned that the wine had been lost on the high seas on July 19 when the ship sank with all hands aboard. Tippler refused to pay Mellow. Mellow then sued Tippler for the full purchase price, claiming that the risk of loss had passed to Tippler, the buyer, at the time the wine had been delivered to the carrier. Tippler answered that because Mellow had not given it prompt notice of the shipment (not until after the ship was lost at sea) that the risk of loss had not passed from Mellow. Both Countries C and D are signatories of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) and the parties’ contract designates the CISG as the governing law. Is Tippler liable for the purchase price of the wine? Situation 2: Weaver Mills Co. in Country F contracted to purchase 100,000 yards of jute from Natural Fiber Co. in Country G at US$ 0. 64 per yard. Natural delivered 22,228 yards to Weaver at Weaver’s plant, but it then informed Weaver that it would deliver no more. Several other of Weaver’s suppliers also defaulted, so Weaver was forced to purchase a total of 164,503 yards of jute in the market a month later at a price of US$ 1. 21 per yard. Weaver then sued Natural for the difference between the market price it had paid and contract price on the 77,772 yards of jute that Natural had not delivered. Both Countries F and G are signatories of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) and the parties’ contract designated the CISG as the governing law. Must Natural pay the amount Weaver demands? All subgroups number 3: Give your opinion on and discuss the following situation and question: Situation: Importers, Inc. , in County A contracted with Overseas Exporters, Ltd. in Country B to purchase 50 crates of army surplus boots in assorted sizes. Importers secured an irrevocable letter of credit from Home City Bank in Country A that named Overseas Exporters as the beneficiary. The credit required Overseas Exporters to produce a bill of lading naming the bank as the consignee (plus other appropriate documents) in order for it to collect payment on the credit. When Overseas Exporters placed the crates aboard a carrier for shipment, it received the required bill of lading and other documents. Importers then learned that Overseas Exporters had filled the crates with rubbish not boots. Importers promptly notified Home City Bank of this and asked the bank not to pay Overseas Exporters on the letter of credit. The bank refused. Importers has now brought suit to enjoin the bank from making payment. Should a court grant Importers request? Question: Describe the three basic systems countries have adopted to ameliorate the burden of international double taxation. Indicate which of these is most advantageous to taxpayers and why this is so. Describe which of these systems is preferred by most countries and why this is so. All subgroups number 4: Give your opinion on and discuss the following two situations: Situation 1: Ann is a citizen of State A. She resides in State B. She owns real property in State C that produces rental income. She owns personal property (stocks and bonds) in State D. Assuming that there are no Double Taxation Treaties between any of these states, which ones of them may impose income taxes on Ann? On what income may they impose such taxes? On what bases may they do so? Situation 2: Mal Hombre was a rock star. He was a resident of State A who earned most of his income in State B from performances he put on in State B. State B had signed a Double Taxation Treaty with State C that was modeled on the provisions of the OECD and UN Model Treaties. Mal established his residency in State C as of January 1, 1998, by filing a declaration with State C’s tax authority. Each year since then he has lived 3 months in State C, 4 months in State A, and 5 months in State B. Mal also set up a company in State C, Mal Compania, that employed him as its sole employee and which received all of its income from his performances in State B. Mal Compania’s directors are all residents of State B, and the board holds all of its meetings in State B. State B seeks to assess taxes on Mal for his income from his performances in State B since January 1, 1998. Mal argues that he is exempt from State B taxation for those performances because of the Double Taxation Treaty between State B and State C. Is Mal correct? All subgroups number 5: Give your opinion on and discuss the following two situations: Situation 1: Imogene is an Arizona certified public accountant with an office in the US town of Nogales, Arizona. She prepares tax returns for a variety of clients, but she specializes in doing so for migrant farm workers. More than half of her clients pay for her services in cash. Rather than deposit this income in a local bank account she puts it in a suitcase, drives across the nearby border with Mexico and deposits it in a bank in the Mexican town of Nogales. This bank pays exceptionally high interest rates on her deposits and over the past five years she has earned more than $335,000 in interest income on her deposits in Mexico. Recently, the Mexican bank informed the US Internal Revenue Service’s Criminal Investigation Division (CID) about Imogene’s deposits and interest income. Because Imogene had not reported the interest income on her US federal income tax returns, the CID contacted her for an explanation. First, she told the CID that it had to be mistaken, that she had no money deposited in Mexico. When the CID asked to see her business records, she asked her secretary, Joe, to hide the journal that showed her real income and give the CID a doctored journal that did not show Imogene’s cash income. Joe refused to do so and he gave the CID the undoctored journal. When confronted with this income, Imogene said she was trying to keep the income hidden from clients who might sue her for malpractice. She also said that the Mexican bank had told her that the interest income earned there was exempt from US taxes. When confronted with a certified letter from the bank’s president denying this, Imogene said that a Mexican lawyer must have told her that interest earned in Mexico is tax exempt, but she couldn’t remember the lawyer’s name. The IRS subsequently assessed Imogene for the taxes due on the unreported $335,000 of interest income plus a 50 percent penalty for having committed tax fraud. Imogene has appealed to your court to set aside the IRS’s determination that she committed tax fraud. Situation 2: Tatum is a famous movie star who is a national of State T. Tatum now lives in a large house in Hollywood in State U five months out of each year. The rest of the time she lives in a beach house in State V. She makes all of her movies, earns all of her income, and receives all of her royalty income in State U from the State U companies that produce the movies she acts in. She has not lived in State T for fifteen years, she earns no income there, and she has not paid any income taxes to State T for the fifteen years she has been out of the country. Nevertheless, State T has assessed her for delinquent income taxes for those fifteen years. Tatum denies that she has to pay. State T and State U are parties to a Double Taxation Treaty that is modeled on the provisions of the OECD and UN Model Treaties and Tatum claims that the treaty excuses her from having tax liability to State T. State T and State V are not parties to such a treaty. The matter has been assigned to your court in State T for review of the State T taxing authority’s assessment. All subgroups number 6 Answer the following questions: a. end of chapter 9 questions number 1, 4, and 9 b. give your opinion on and discuss the following situation: In 1985, Dr. Klutz Bumpkin in State X discovered a nitrogen-phosphate compound that was inexpensive to manufacture and which served as a superior fertilizer for legumes. Dr. Bumpkin’s discovery, however, was never patented in State X. Instead, information about the compound, which came to be called Nitrophos, was published in a variety of scientific and agricultural journals worldwide, including several publications of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in 1986 and 1987. Several of these journals were on file in the national library of State Y (a small developing country) as well as in the library of State Y’s two universities. Each of the libraries’ records shows, however, that these journals had never been checked out or used by anyone prior to 1992. In 1988, Omni Chemical Co. , a multinational corporation headquartered in State Z, applied for a patent in State Y for the production of a fertilizer called â€Å"Fast Grow39,† the formula of which included cornstarch and Nitrophos. The State Y Patent Office advertised the application in its Official Journal and no one opposed it. Omni accordingly received the patent. Recently, Green Chemical, Ltd. in State Y began to produce a fertilizer in competition with Omni’s Fast Grow 39 called â€Å"GreenUp. Omni had a sample of GreenUp analyzed and the analysis showed that GreenUp contained the same cornstarch and Nitrophos formula as Fast Grow 39. Omni, thereupon, brought suit for patent infringement. Green countersued to have Omni’s patent revoked. Has there been an infringement or should the request for revocation be granted? All subgr oups 7 Give your opinion on and discuss the following two situations: Situation 1: Leatherette, Ltd. manufactures a line of leather goods in State A, a member state of the European Union (EU). All of its products have the letters LL embossed on them as a distinctive mark. Leatherette owns the LL trademark in State A, and it has assigned the right to apply for and obtain the same trademark to licensees in the other EU member states (including licensees in State B and State C). As part of this licensing agreement, the licensees are given the exclusive right to distribute Leatherette products within the boundaries of their respective states. They are forbidden, however, from exporting the goods to any other state. KopyKat Co. has taken to buying Leatherette products in State B and reselling then in State C because it can do so at a profit. The Leatherette licensee in State C, which owns the trademark LL in State C, has brought suit for trademark infringement and it seeks an order that would stop KopyKat from importing the Leatherette products with the LL mark into State C. Will the licensee be successful? Situation 2: ClotheCo is the owner of a trademark that it puts on a line of distinctive men’s clothing that it sells in State C. This clothing is distinctive in part because it is all of the same color: â€Å"robin’s egg blue. † ClotheCo has licensed Dress Co. in State D to use its trademark. The licensing agreement forbids Dress Co. from exporting its products out of State D, and it requires Dress Co. to sell its products only to persons who agree not to export those products from State D for resale. Additionally, Dress Co. is only allowed to use the trademark on clothing that is colored â€Å"powder pink. † Parallel Co. buys the clothing manufactured by Dress Co. in State D and imports it into State C for sale there. ClotheCo has now brought suit against Parallel Co. , claiming that the goods Parallel Co. is importing into State C infringe ClotheCo. ’s trademark. Will ClotheCo succeed? How to cite Assignments IBL2, Essay examples

Website Development

Question: Discuss about theWebsite Development. Answer: Introduction Overview Design a website is a joined perspective of numerous innovations, similar to HTML, CSS, JavaScript and much more. Each website has two sides, one is customer site, and another is the server side. For this situation, one and only side is utilized that is customer side. To build up this site, the designer used HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. This site depends on a college named Victorian Institute of Technology. Motivation HTML is a simple and straightforward client-side dialect. To outline the Victorian Institute of Technology website, the web originator utilized HTML for its straightforwardness and adaptability. Another scripting language is javascript that is additionally exceptionally adaptable like HTML. So the utilization of javascript extremely helpful to outline a website. Plan an instructive organization site is extremely useful for the web designer to enhance his or her aptitudes. Website Design Audience The site is intended for the student those are want to take admission in Victorian Institute of Technology. The present students of the Victorian Institute of Technology can get advantages by this site website. Therefore, the web designer focused on the international and domestic students. Functions and Nature of the Institute Victorian Institute of Technology is an internal university. Numerous kind of courses is accessible here (Vadivu, Sumathy Vadivel, 2012). They offer different type of courses for the international and domestic students. They additionally offer various type courses. For the advanced education reason, they offer one specialized stream that is the bachelor of information technology and system. Fee structure of this foundation is also short (Robson, Freeman, 2012). The student support section is great then the other organization. They give online admission facility to their students (Vit.edu.au, 2016). Special Approach The site support numerous functionality, for example, contact page, student information page, about us page and some more (Bassil, 2012). The about us page content the university data. In the main page, one slider is added to demonstrate some data about the Victorian Institute of Technology. The HTML is utilized to make the page contain. CSS is utilized to outline and style all site pages. Javascript is utilized as a part of this site plan reason. In the contact page, java script is utilized for the acceptance reason (Pattanayak, Patra Puthal, 2013). This is a couple of unique ways to design this configuration this Victorian Institute of Technology website. Flow Chart Figure 1: Flow Chart of website design (Source: Created by Author) Website Map Figure 2: Website Map (Source: Created by Author) Screenshots of the Web Site Screenshot: Home Page Suggestions to Improve Existingwebsite The present site can be enhanced by utilizing bunches of innovation. Students movement can be included the understudy page to enhance the current website. By including drop-down menu bar on each page, the site can be improved. Course details and fees structure can be included this current website to enhance. This site is only a model configuration for the last site. So the site can be enhanced in many ways. Including more powerful CSS and javascript in each page, the current site can be made advances. Including the foundation map in the contact us page can be exceptionally useful for the users. These are the few recommendation to enhance the present site. Conclusion In this paper, the detail design and planning procedure are described. The flow of the outlining stage also describes by a flow chart. This site depends on a specialized establishment. Hypertext markup language or HTML, CSS and Javascript is utilized to design this site. All the web pages are designed very carefully to attract the user. Logo of the site also put on each page. A menu bar is also used to connect each website page. The overall website is exceptionally attractable, and its usefulness is extremely simple. References Bassil, Y. (2012). Autonomic HTML Interface Generator for Web Applications. International journal of Web Semantic Technology, 3(1), pp.33-47. Pattanayak, B., Patra, S. Puthal, B. (2013). Optimizing AST Node for Java Script Compiler A lightweight Interpreter for Embedded Device. JCP, 8(2). Robson, E. Freeman, E. (2012). Head first HTML and CSS. Beijing: O'Reilly. Vadivu, P., Sumathy, P. Vadivel, A. (2012). Image Retrieval from WWW using Attributes in HTML TAGs. Procedia Technology, 6, pp.509-516. Vit.edu.au, (2016). Professional development in Melbourne, Australia. [online] Available at: https://www.vit.edu.au [Accessed 1 June. 2016].

Israel Foreign Policy Essays - ArabIsraeli Conflict,

Israel Foreign Policy Israel is located in the Middle East, along the eastern coastline of the Mediterranean Sea, bordered by Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Egypt. It lies at the junction of three continents: Europe, Asia, and Africa. Long and narrow in shape the country is only 290 miles in length and 85 miles in width at its widest point. Israel is a country of immigrants. Since its creation in 1948, the population has increased seven-fold. Today, its over six million inhabitants represent many different cultures and traditions, including Jews from Ethiopia, Morocco, the Soviet Union, Europe and America. Jews from around the world have immigrated to Israel and make up 80% of the Israeli population. The other 20% is made up mostly of Arabs. (Encyclopedia Britannica) On May 14, 1948, immediately following the proclamation of the state of Israel, President Harry S. Truman extended recognition to the new state. This act marked the beginning of a relationship based on common values and characterized by deep friendship, economic support and mutual respect. The similarities between the two countries are notable: both are vibrant democracies anchored in liberal traditions; both began as pioneer societies; and both are still receiving and integrating new immigrants. Israel is the only democracy in the Middle East, a region dominated by authoritarian and military regimes. In a very unstable region of the world, Israel stands out as the only country with regular, competitive elections, a free press, and free speech. By supporting Israel, the U.S. stays true to its historic national commitment to strengthen fellow democracies. In addition, Israel is a reliable strategic partner in the fight against terrorism, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction by rogue regimes; state-sponsored terrorism; the potential disruption of access to Middle East oil; and the spread of Islamic radicalism. The U.S. Israeli partnership has also been cost effective, avoiding the expensive deployment of American troops. No U.S. troops have ever been required to protect Israel, while by comparison America maintains 135,000 troops in Europe and spends nearly $80 billion each year on the defense of Europe.(Country Study, 234) Maintaining Israel's military advantage has proven an efficient way to ensure that American interests will prevail against the forces of terror, authoritarianism, and extremism. Despite constant tensions with Arab neighbors, border disputes, full-out war, terrorist threats, and a yet unresolved Palestinian problem, the U.S. has remained loyal to Israel. America's long-standing commitment allows Israel to negotiate with its former and current adversaries from a position of strength. Israel can take risks for peace only because of unwavering American support; this support has also prodded Israel's Arab neighbors to deal directly with Israel. (JSOURCE) The Clinton administration has played a key role in the Middle East peace process by actively supporting the agreements between Israel and the Palestinians, Israel's peace treaty with Jordan, negotiations with Syria and efforts to promote regional cooperation, including an end to the Arab boycott. Pledging to maintain Israel's qualitative edge, it has also committed itself to minimizing the security risks that Israel might incur in its pursuit of peace. Moreover, the United States has recently taken several important measures to back Israel in its war against terrorism. The continuing and deepening amity between Israel and the United States has been defined by various American administrations in terms ranging from the preservation of Israel as a 'basic tenet' of American foreign policy, with emphasis on a 'special relationship' between the two states, to a declaration of an American commitment to Israel. (Country Study, 245) By the early 1980s, Israel was regarded by the United States as a strategic asset and was designated, in accordance with legislation passed the previous year, as a major non-NATO ally. Congressional backing for Israel is bipartisan. Support for annual military and economic assistance, the peace process and Israel's struggle against terrorism have been hallmarks of Congress' commitment to United States-Israel friendship, as was the passage of legislation (1995) recognizing Jerusalem as the united capital of Israel and calling for the establishment of the United States embassy in Jerusalem by May 1999. The special relationship encompasses mutual economic, political, strategic and diplomatic concerns. Israel currently receives some $3 billion a year in security and economic aid, and bilateral trade has been enhanced by the Israel-United States Free Trade Area Agreement (1985). (JSOURCE) A growing number of joint ventures sponsored by Israeli and American industrial firms have been established, and several American states have entered into 'state-to-state' agreements with Israel, involving activities ranging from culture to agriculture. Israel has expressed eagerness to share with the international community skills learned from its own development

Imply vs. Infer

Imply vs. Infer Imply vs. Infer Imply vs. Infer By Jacquelyn Landis If you have trouble choosing between imply and infer, you’re not alone. Many writers switch them even though they have distinct meanings. To imply is to suggest or express indirectly. To infer is to draw a conclusion. However, you’ll frequently see something like this: The news story inferred that the defendant was guilty. Even though some dictionaries support infer as a synonym for imply, the distinction is important. Without it, the meaning of the above example is unclear. Did the news story draw the conclusion that the defendant was guilty? Or did it simply suggest it? You really can’t tell for certain, can you? When you’re striving for clarity in writing, it’s critical to use the right words. In the case of imply and infer, it helps to remember that the speaker implies and the listener infers. Here are some quotations from newspapers: husband, Vitaly Stepanov, spoke with reporters and detailed the gravity of their situation. In it, Stepanova seemed to imply they feared for their safety, saying, If something happens to us, all of you should know, its not an (www.chicagotribune.com) if your tax returns are very classy, but not quite this classy? If you don’t release your returns, voters will infer that they’re not the very best tax returns. And if that’s all they know, they’ll infer that you’re in the (www.nytimes.com) at Duke University in North Carolina. Soft tissues are not preserved in fossils, so researchers have had to infer the details of dinosaur brains from the faint impressions the organs leave on the insides of fossilised skulls. (www.theguardian.com) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Synonyms for â€Å"Angry†40 Fish IdiomsOne "L" or Two?

A Christmas Carol Essay Example for Free (#13)

A Christmas Carol Essay Christ (509) , Charles Dickens (378) , Christmas (159) , A Christmas Carol (87) , Christmas Carol (60) , Bob Cratchit (35) , good extended (7) , Powerful (1) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints ? The Ghost of Christmas Past is the epitome of the contradictions of youth and age as well as winter and spring. The ghost has a beam of light jetting from his head and Scrooge extinguishes the light when he feels that he is unable to bear any of the other memories that the ghost is showing him. By showing Scrooge his past, the ghost has makes him realize that he has changed drastically from who he was when he was young and that his interests have turned from people to money. The Ghost of Christmas Present is a friendly, generous giant who shows Scrooge the homes of Bob Cratchit as well as Scrooge’s nephew, Fred. In both homes, good will is extended toward Scrooge although he has never shown the same good will to either his clerk, or his nephew. As the time passes the ghost, who was young when he first appeared to Scrooge, seems to age in the way that the present changes to the past with the passing of time. Then, just as he is approaching his last moments, the ghost shows Scrooge that want and ignorance are two products of society that will destroy it if not combated against by those who can prevent both social ills. The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come is a dark phantom, and the only part of this ghost that Scrooge sees, beyond his black robe, is a hand with which he points at the things Scrooge is to take notice of. This ghost shows Scrooge how he will die, and it is a sad scene. Scrooge begs the ghost to tell him that this fate can be changed if he changes his ways, but the ghost doesn’t answer him. Scrooge is left only with the knowledge that he must change and become a more charitable person if he is to alter the fate that the ghost revealed to him. Last of the major characters is Tiny Tim who is Bob Cratchit’s youngest son. He is a lame boy with a cheerful nature despite his ailments and symbolises hope. At the Christmas church service, Tim hopes that people will look at his ailment and be reminded of how Christ healed the lame and blind. Tiny Tim’s guileless nature impresses Scrooge, and when he learns from the Ghost of Christmas Present that Tiny Tim will die soon, Scrooge is saddened. The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come also shows the Cratchit house without Tiny Tim, and the vision is a sad one. Scrooge is touched by the gentleness of the little boy and wishes to prevent this fate from occurring. There are also some minor characters in ‘A Christmas Carol’ but who also play an important part of the story. Firstly there is Fred, Scrooge’s nephew (his deceased sister’s son), is a pauper, but a cheerful man nonetheless. He comes to the counting house to wish Scrooge a merry Christmas and invite his uncle to dine with himself and his wife on Christmas Day. Scrooge, however, refuses to associate with his nephew. Fred actually pities his miserly uncle because although he has all that money, he is still alone and unhappy. Fred insists that he will visit Scrooge at Christmas every year no matter whether or not Scrooge ever agrees to dine with Fred and his wife. After his visitation by the three ghosts of Christmas, Scrooge attends the Christmas dinner at Fred’s home and enjoys himself immensely. Secondly there is Mr. Fezziwig who was Scrooge’s kind and generous employer. He revisits the memory of his employment with Fezziwig when the Ghost of Christmas Past shows him Fezziwig’s great Christmas party. The memory of this kind employer makes Scrooge feel a twinge of regret at how poorly he treats Bob Cratchit, his own employee. Last of the minor but nonetheless important characters is Belle, the young woman who once loved and was loved by Scrooge. Unfortunately, his love for her was replaced by his love for money, and she did not want to be second in favour to gold. She left him and went her own way after that and married. Scrooge remained alone. The Ghost of Christmas Past reminds him of why Belle left him and shows him where his life began going the wrong direction While reciting ‘A Christmas Carol’ I noticed some themes that were entwined within the story, the most important themes of the story are stated more or less clearly by characters in it. The first of these might be Marley’s saying, â€Å"Business†¦ Mankind was my business†. Where Scrooge sees business in the familiar sense of trade and finance, Marley now sees that one’s â€Å"business† is what one should do in life, duty or obligation. Mankind is or was not just Marley’s business of course, but Scrooge’s business, your business and mine, in fact, everyone’s. Secondly, Scrooge’s unkind remark that poor people should die and â€Å"reduce the surplus population† brings us to another theme of the story. When Scrooge asks if Tiny Tim will die he is reminded of these words. Why? Because the â€Å"surplus population† is not an abstraction but real individuals. Scrooge is told by the Ghost of Christmas Present to find out â€Å"What the surplus is, and where it is† before making such statements. Another theme is that change is possible however set we are in our ways. Dickens imagines the most miserable and hard-hearted man he can, and shows how he can be reformed if he sees his responsibilities. The message that Dickens is trying to get across is one of happiness. If you live your life in seclusion, only speaking to those who you must and always being nasty, you can never be truly happy. Dickens uses Scrooge as the epitome of selfishness and we are supposed to realise this and contrast it with Tiny Tim’s attitude of caring and sharing. Tiny Tim is the epitome of joy and hope; he is the person in the book with who we are supposed to learn from. The ghosts are the conduit from which we are to understand the past, present, and future of an unhappy man. A Christmas Carol. (2017, Sep 23).

Economics of Sport Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Economics of Sport - Essay Example Without this sports excitement, the league and the events would be dull and would not attract fans and customers. The uniqueness of the sports world lies in the fact that they develop their business on selling competition. One of the key features of the economics of sports is that the demand for its product is related to the uncertainty of the outcome (Garland, Malcom & Rowe, 2000). The league attempts to restrict competition so that no one team is able to gain too much market power or excessive dominance. If any team of professional team sports gains monopoly, it would cause the revenue to disappear altogether (Garland, Malcom & Rowe, 2000). There are many ways to measure competitive balances, the most frequently used metrics are standard deviation and win percentages of the teams for a given year, ratio of the actual to idealized standardized standard deviation of win percentages, ratio of top to bottom win percentages, the range of win percentages, the gini coefficient of win percentages and the excess tail frequencies (Zimbalist, 2004). It is assumed that fans have a strong preference of uncertainty of outcomes for the purpose of hopes and expectations. The best measure to use would be one to which consumers show most sensitivity (Zimbalist, 2004). In his book â€Å"Handbook of sports economics† (2006) Fizel explains that there are many measures of competitive balance, but their efficacy is still argued over. However the arguments over the relative efficacy are due to the inability to understand the distinction between the three main elements of competitive balance. remain at the top and those which are not remain at the bottom for long periods of time. Although it is widely agree that competitive balance is essential for keeping fans interested, it has also been viewed that in certain cases the home team’s performance has a significant impact on the attendance. This is in contrast to the hypotheses of uncertainty of outcome. This probability

Black Holes (Astronomy) Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Black Holes (Astronomy) - Term Paper Example This means that the general perception that if the sun runs out of its nuclear fuel and is turned into a black hole it will suck the Earth into it, is wrong (Novikov). A region of influence surrounds a black hole from where any mass or light cannot escape. At the boundary of this region light starts leaving the black hole thus the escape velocity from the gravitational field of the black hole at this point becomes equal to the speed of light. The set of such points surrounding the black hole where the escape velocity becomes equal to the speed of light forms a curved boundary which is known as event horizon. The calculation of the distance of event horizon from the centre of a black hole is a simple process if the black hole is uncharged and stationary, however in case of a charged and rotating black hole; the calculations involve very complex equations of particle physics. For a simple non-rotating and uncharged black hole, the radius of the event horizon is found to be directly proportional to the mass of the black hole and inversely proportional to the square of the speed of light. The effective mass of a black hole is the entire mass contained inside the boundaries of event horizon (Raine and Thomas). Black holes are of various different types the most common of which is stellar mass black holes which have masses up to 10 to 15 times of the mass of sun. The stellar mass black holes are formed when a star runs out of its nuclear fuel. A huge supernova explosion supersedes the formation of a black hole. The explosion results in the formation of a black core at the place where the parent star of the black hole existed. The boundary of the mass of the star only defines the core of black hole and after the formation of the black hole its influence extends up to the event horizon. Some of the black holes are present in the core of the galaxies and are of gigantic sizes ranging from

Is cloning the way of the future Essay Example for Free

Is cloning the way of the future Essay Dolly was born on 5 July 1996 at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh. She was cloned by scientists replaced the nucleus of the egg cell with the nucleus from the parent cell in Dollys case, an udder cell. Somehow, the egg cell reprogrammed the donated DNA contained within its new nucleus, and Dolly was the result. The different types of cloning: There are many different types of cloning but the two main types are reproductive and therapeutic cloning. Reproductive cloning is the process of making natural humans being for example, twins as it is done for the purpose of making human beings. Reproductive cloning has a great effect on future cloning as, demonstrates ways of how we can adapt ideas of easier methods of cloning plus it also helps us analyse and research on the key accepts Therapeutic cloning is when; a clone is created for a particular need or purpose. Therapeutic cloning is again a great adaptation create to help future medicine and understanding, helping us to reduce the risk of diseases caused by faulty genes. These two are also examples of natural and unnatural cloning as, reproductive clones produce twins, and therapeutic cloning is when scientist use it for medicine and to improve human living quality. How is cloning used? Cloning has many various uses, as it can benefit us in many ways, with our ever expanding medical. Some examples of the numerous uses are:   Using it to create identical clones, and then obtaining the stems cells and using them to correct faulty genes, with out the fear of the cells being rejected.   Using it for selective breeding- for example plants that produce the nice and juicy strawberries can be cloned to produce more nice and juicy strawberries.   For drug reduction as creating cloned you can get identical cells   Medical research. Reviving the extinct animals- like leopard, which are near extinction   To replace, children that were very much loved but passed away   For twins As these there are many more which enable us to use this creation for many different uses, specified to our needs. Theses are all the ways in which cloning can and may be used in the future. How are clones used today? Clones have now been recognised by the public and has constantly, become the one of the main topics in the news as in ;The Times -Embryo with two mothers created. This is a topic related to that of cloning as in the article; A human embryo with two mothers and a father has been created for the first time by British scientists (Jack Malvern writes). The three- parents embryo, created by a team at Newcastle university, opens up the possibility of the short-circuiting genetic diseases by replacing faulty genes from one mother with healthy ones from another mother. It has been hailed as the first realistic hope of an effective treatment for 50 genetic conditions passed on through mitochondrial DNA-DNA clustered outside the nucleus in a cell. The diseases include forms of the muscular dystrophy, diabetes and epilepsy. Professor Doug Turnbull, who led the team, described the technique as a mitochondria transplant. Couples would use IVF treatment to create a fertilised egg, from which the nucleus would be removed after a few hours and implanted into a donor egg. The parents DNA remains in the nucleus but the DNA outside the nucleus would be from the donor mother. The childs appearance is affected only by nuclear DNA. (this has been taken from The Times feb 5th) This article is an example of cloning used for a particular purpose; it tells us about a mother who replaces most of her faulty genes with healthy ones. This is one example of how cloning has been used recently. Stem Cells: Stem cells have the remarkable potential to change to any cell or organism that is needed, this is because stem cells are unspecialised cells. Stem cells have become important to us, as they are great factors that enable us to improve our health and correct faulty genes, by using them replace some genes, as well as this there are many other important uses in cell based therapies, to repair other damaged cells with in the body, and loads more. Cloning can also be produced for the stem cells with in it allowing us to replaces faulty genes with eases. Is cloning ethnically right? Well as I have mentioned in above pages there are many different view on weather or not cloning is ethnically right, some saying it is good other say its not. There is not a exact answer to weather or not they are ethically right it actually depends upon the persons opinion. Conclusion Overall cloning is a huge leap forward for man kind as it has many benefits that can be acquire by the one process furthering our medical knowledge allowing us to produce more efficient and effective medicines for our patients.I do believe that one day cloning will become the thing of the future our future medicine! Bibliography: Some of the information was takes from:   Newspaper The Times   BBC News   http://stemcells. nih. gov/info/basics/   scientific books (school text books)   Picture   Science museum (website)   Kiran Toor 10S Science coursework Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Variation and Inheritance section.

Athletic Trainer :: essays research papers

Athletic Trainer An athletic trainer seeking employment in today's job market is likely to encounter many problems and obstacles along the way. The need for higher education greatly affects the prospect for the athletic trainer with only the baccaulereate degree. Those with this degree are better suited to seek employment in the rehabilitative therapy clinic setting. Many of these clinics have contracts with the local high schools or university thus allowing for more employees and allowing these entry level positions. Clinics also tebd to employ the student trainers who also have a tendency to move on after their education. With third party payees coming more into this field there should be an increase in the job availability for the athletic trainer in the clinical setting. There are also many openings for trainers in the high school level. The down side to this area of work is that this position is not generally based on the care and concern for the health and well being of the student athlete but is contingent on the budget aspect. The most dismal field for an athletic trainer seeking employment is in the college level. Athletic trainers most certainly need advanced degrees as well as certification of the National Athletic Trainers Association. Most Athletic trainers in this level have accepted employment while in college or attending that particular university. The college level for the athletic trainer position has not increased over the past few years- due impart to the hiring of the student trainers leaving no openings for the athletic trainer who is seeking full time employment. Obviously there is a definite need for advanced degrees in todays society, if one is seeking employment as an athletic trainer due to the fact that there is a very limited job field and openings are few and far between. In order to be fully prepared for the position of athletic trainer in todays sports related society, the potential trainer needs to obtain the minimum of a baccalaureate degree with a designated course of study. They need to have studied thoroughly anatomy and physiology, physiology of exercise, rehabilitation, kineseiology, psychology, injury evaluation and also emergency care procedures and techniques. Before meeting the requirements to become eligible to test for the National Athletic Trainers Association (NATA) a potential trainer needs a minumum of 800 clinical hours of experience or 1500 hours if not enrolled in an accredited athletic training education program. The NATA also requires continuing education units for a certified trainer to remain certified through them. The steps to obtaining a career in the field of athletic training are fairly simple.

101 Topics to Write About in Your Articles, Newsletters and Blogs

You are here: Home / Blogging / 101 Topics to Write About in Your Articles, Newsletters and Blogs 101 Topics to Write About in Your Articles, Newsletters and Blogs BY SUSAN YOUNG AT 10:34 PM 11 COMMENTS Finding a topic to write about for your e-zine, blog post, or bylined article can cause a lot of people and â€Å"non-writers† to stress over topics, ideas and creativity. I thought I’d help by offering you 101 ideas that you can write about. Keep this in mind. These topics are great for video blogs too. You may wonder how you can connect these back to your business, products, services, clients and prospects.Yes, even a trip to the mall or a conversation with your dry cleaner are topics or examples worthy of mentions in your articles and blog posts. Become â€Å"Life’s Little Observer† and use your writing and the topics as they relate to the bigger picture–like your customer service philosophy, your new product, your policies, relationships, attitud es, success, motivation, lessons learned, â€Å"A-HA† moments and more. The key is to show your reader how your example or story is relevant to them and how you can help them. Share a piece of yourself along the way. Here we go: Your business A new product or service An old product/serviceYour ideal client Tips on your expertise How you broke an old habit Life lessons learned A mentor A vacation A challenge you have overcome A challenge you are dealing with A challenge you need/want to overcome A child who has inspired you Your first car Your new car/dream car A current event Your hero A childhood lesson An award you have won Your unfulfilled dream A sibling Your parents Your grandparents Vacation trips in the car Airport/travel stories Your best friend Gardening Customer Service A college experience Your favorite teacher A book you just read Your favorite book A quote A local event/incident A speech you heardA speech you gave A run-in with a neighbor Family reunions Holidays Music you enjoyed when growing up The traits of your favorite Superhero or Fairy Tale Character Your birthday Anniversary of your company An experience you’ve shared with your partner/children An experience you’ve shared with a colleague An experience you’ve had with a complete stranger Moving to another home Moving to a new city A movie you just saw A hobby you have cultivated over the years A collection you have kept for a long time A show you have seen A sporting event The Top 5 Things You Want to Do Before You Die Your parking/speeding ticketSocial media friends Your dry cleaner Your dentist/doctor Your vet/your pet Your military experience Your 1st grade teacher Your favorite college professor Your favorite food Your goals Time management success tips Your first concert/Broadway show Your wedding A break-up Your first love/date Networking Your house Your vacation/dream house Exercise Your favorite non-profit Your favorite kids book Why you have a fence in your backyard (or don’t) Your favorite season Your favorite sports team Your favorite way to relax Your most prized possession Your favorite newspaper Your favorite new gadget Your prom/graduationYour first public speaking experience A sales debacle Your best example of negotiating The strangest or most interesting experience you’ve had in the mall Your favorite magazine Pet-peeves Life in suburbia/Life in the City How you started your own business Leadership Driving habits Your favorite blogs/websites Marketing Your favorite video clips Your own â€Å"Top 10 List† Forgiveness A famous person you met A conference or trade show you attended Your favorite place Bring your readers full circle with a message, theme or lesson that impacts their worlds. Use the 101 ideas as a springboard for your wordsmithing and success.

America and Canada’s Universal Health Care System

America is full of social and economic problems that need to be addressed. The one problem that affects all citizens of the country is access and affordability of health care. The health care problem is unique in that every American will need health care at some point in their life, and this coupled with the fact that health care costs continue to rise further exacerbate the situation. In order to attempt a solution to America’s growing health care problem, it is essential that the country look to another country that has effectively addressed the health care problem.The only solution to America’s health care problem is to implement a universal health care system. Canada has implemented a universal health care policy whereby each citizen is afforded health care at no cost, and Canada’s efforts should serve as an example for America to emulate. Canada’s Health Care System, and Comparison to the United States The Canadian system works because of two importan t factors, which actually relate to one another.The first factor is the lowered cost of health care as compared to the United States, and the second factor is the greater accessibility of health care as compared to the United States. These two factors are inter-related because with lower costs, citizens in Canada are able to procure greater access to care. Essentially these patients have more options. In America an uninsured patient may believe that the only options they have are the cheaper clinics, and when these clinics do not accept them as patients they have no other options.The same cannot be said about Canadian patients, which makes Canada a viable model for the United States to follow. The first investigation should include the costs associated with care in Canada and the United States. Two figures in particular will be investigated. The first is the percentage of GDP that is spent on health care comparing each country respectively. Canada segments 10% of GDP on health care, while the United States relies on 14% of GDP for the procurement of health care. (Armstrong, Armstrong & Fegan, 2005, p.8) A discrepancy of the GDP between the two countries is important because while the Canadian system is close somewhat to the American system in GDP percentage, the fact that all Canadians are covered while a drastically smaller number are covered in America demonstrates how the Canadian system works. Another argument about these facts is that America has a much larger GDP than Canada, yet still cannot keep up with the health care crisis. Another important figure concerning expenditures is the cost per person.Canada spends about $2,049 per person, which is about 55% less than what is spent per person in America. (Armstrong, Armstrong & Fegan, 2005, p. 8) Many opponents of Canada’s system may look at these figures and suggest that Canada is cheaper because they have less people, but the figures take this into account and have calculated the costs per person. This allows the figures to take shape and demonstrate how Canada’s system seems to be more efficient. The next question is how Canada keeps their costs so low as compared to the United States.It has been suggested that Canadian costs for health care are low because of the use of public administration. (Armstrong, Armstrong & Fegan, 2005, p. 8) Essentially Canada relies heavily on universal health care whereby the government pays for the services and monitors the country’s health care field. Some opponents of this system will suggest that government control will only increase costs because governments such as Canada’s cannot operate within the health care field as efficiently as private enterprise. (Krasny, 1992, p. 43) This suggestion by Krasny is incorrect.The public sector in Canada handles all of the administrative tasks associated with a hospital, which lowers costs. (Armstrong, Armstrong & Fegan, 2005, p. 8) Other cost savings measures associated with Cana da’s universal health care system are the decreased overhead expenditures. Hospitals no longer have to include entire teams to conduct insurance calculations and coverage implementations as well as entire teams to keep track of billing and collection efforts. (Armstrong, Armstrong & Fegan, 2005, p. 8) This drastically decreases costs, especially when compared to the American system.The American system implements all of these overhead policies, which only strain the system further. For example, hospitals in America â€Å"must keep more extensive records in order to facilitate billing to the state and federal governments, insurance companies and patients, and in anticipation of malpractice suits. † (Armstrong, Armstrong & Fegan, 2005, p. 8) Canadian doctors who leave Canada and practice in America make about the same amount of money because the overhead was so large in America, despite their lowered pay in Canada due to universal health care.(Armstrong, Armstrong & Fegan , 2005, p. 8) All of these benefits of the Canadian system would be pointless if the care was not adequate. Canadians live longer, are ahead of America in healthiness in the world, have far less infant fatalities, and have much greater percentage of disability free life. (Armstrong, Armstrong & Fegan, 2005, p. 8) All of these health factors tend to point toward greater health care practices as compared to America, as well as greater access to health care facilities.The benefits of the Canadian system are clear, which makes the Canadian system a viable alternative to the American system. America still maintains a payment rate health care system where the patient must pay a certain amount in order to receive health care from a provider. American hospitals will not turn away a patient in need of care if it is of the utmost importance, but the hospitals will turn away a patient that is not being threatened by illness and does not have the ability to pay. (â€Å"Looking to Canada for,â €  2006, p.8) This idea is very peculiar in the grand scheme of assisting patients. On one hand the hospital is supposed to help the sick, but on the other hand a patient will receive little to no help if they do not have the ability to pay. The American government is to blame for a majority of the crisis that has resulted. Currently, many patients waiting on organ donations and transplant die because of the American legislative regulations. It is stated that â€Å"more than 6,000 American patients die each year while waiting for suitable organs, and that those waiting lists are caused by the U.S. Congress, which prohibits payments to organ providers and thereby dries up the supply of transplantable organs. † (â€Å"Looking to Canada for,† 2006, p. 8) The legislature not only makes health care unaffordable, but they also help create longer waits for patients who cannot wait any longer. The entire system in the United States has caused a health care crisis that will not alleviate until something is done. The current American climate when dealing with health care has caused major problems to result in the country.As Callahan states, Public opinion surveys show considerable discontent with American health care, the business community is increasingly distressed in trying to cope with ever- rising costs, and a long-awaited stimulus for serious reform may be at hand: middle-class alarm at a deteriorating situation for those previously well covered by insurance. The fact that a majority of personal bankruptcies in this country are occasioned by individual and family health care debts is a sobering figure.If the 46 million uninsured do not catch the congressional eye, maybe the steady increase of the uninsured and the rise in bankruptcies will. (2006, p. 28) Callahan suggests that the health care crisis in America has spread to nearly every facet of American life. The economy suffers, the savings sector suffers, the credit sector suffers, and the empl oyment sector suffers. The current aspects of the American health care system are alarming and need to be addressed or it is predicted that dire consequences could develop, which will lead to a better understanding and acceptance of universal health care. Callahan predicts:(1) movement at the state level; (2) business dismay at the cost of providing care and the consequent steady reductions of employer-provided coverage and benefits; (3) the persistently growing number of uninsured; (4) the alarming rate of health care costs well exceeding general cost of living increases (projected at 7- 8 percent a year for the foreseeable future); (5) increasing middle-class out of pocket payments even with present insurance coverage, and rising economic insecurities as they face a disintegrating scene; and (6) perhaps a change of attitude toward universal care among physicians, much as once happened with Canadian doctors. (2006, p. 28) According to Callahan’s facts and predictions, the Un ited States is in need of an extensive health care overhaul. Without proper addressing of the current situation, the average American patient will suffer through continually rising health care costs and health care coverage. The change to a universal system will not be easy because many in the medical field do not want universal health care coverage.Callahan has stated that during Canada’s attempt at socialized medicine, American members of the medical community enlisted propaganda and other forms of persuasion in an attempt to cause Canada to reject any form of universal coverage and these attempts failed. (2006, p. 28) The United States medical community understood that socialized medicine would cause a possible lowering of wages and rates as well as an increase in patients, which they did not want. If Canada’s system was implemented and succeeded, then possibly the American public would realize the benefits and would want universal coverage as well. The American med ical elite identified this possibility and have been fighting the change ever since. Accompanying this fight has been the American Medical Association (AMA), which initially established the attempts at making the Canadian system fail.Currently, the AMA has proposed a health care plan that does not even address the idea of universal coverage, and the group is a major political and public force in America with a lot of leverage to influence public policy. (2006, p. 28) The end result is a large organization that is supposedly watching out for patients, but at the same time is eliminating any type of universal health care opportunities. The American system allows groups such as the AMA to control public policy, which does not even recognize what the American public wants in health care. Callahan has stated that well over 60% of Americans would be in favor of universal health care in some form, yet the AMA ignores this need and continues to cater to the medical elite in America. (2006, p.29) If the AMA remains in control over medical public policy then nothing will ever get done to address the increasing need for American medical reform. The proper reformation of the health care system lies in universal health care, and Canada’s system is a prime example of health care effectiveness. A look into the actual facts surrounding America’s current health care position is beneficial into discovering the current state of the country. The facts about America’s system are shocking when put into perspective with other countries in the world. The World Health Organization puts America at number 37 overall in health care performance, which is in between the two countries Costa Rica and Slovenia. (Lesnik, 2004, p.1) Out of all the industrialized countries, America is lagging way behind many of the top countries in the world, and it appears that this ranking will continue to plummet if nothing is done to alleviate the health care crisis. The ranking of Ameri ca is a strange outcome for the country because America spends more than any country in health care services. According to Lesnik, In 2004, U. S. health spending rose to a whopping 15 percent of the gross domestic product, a higher percentage than any other nation, including those that provide universal coverage to all residents and those with much more modest Gross Domestic Products. (2004, p. 1) Lesnik’s figures present a dire circumstance for America. The American medical field has more expenditures than countries that already provide universal coverage, which includes Canada.If the expenditures are so high, it would make sense that America should have the best medical coverage of any nation in the world, but this is not the case. The idea as to why the United States ranked so low can be summed up with one idea and that is access to care. The numbers involved in a lack of access show further harms the stretch to the livelihood of Americans as well as the economic well bein g of the country. Illness affects every person and does not discriminate according to wealth or ability, which causes many citizens in the economic sectors of the country to lower their productivity because they do not have adequate access to care. (Lesnik, 2004, p. 1) This can cause a drop in growth in America, which will further exacerbate the situation.Fundamentally, if the economy falters then the ability of sick workers to pay for care diminishes, which increases the problem of access. Lesnik identifies the fact that tens of millions of Americans lack a doctor to call on if they are in pain or a medical facility that will accept them when they are sick. (2004, p. 1) Lesnik states, According to the U. S. Census Bureau, a staggering 45 million Americans–or 15. 6 percent of the population–permanently live without any form of health insurance. This creates serious barriers to care, which lead to unnecessary illness and death. It is increasingly clear that, for individ uals and their families, the financial burden of medical expenses is unmanageable without insurance. (2004, p. 1)It appears that the major problem affecting the US health care crisis is access to care. Access to care encompasses the ability to pay as well as suitable facilities in which to receive care. These are the main culprits in America’s health care shortcomings, and if not addressed will only become worse. One of the possible reasons that America has shied away from universal health care is the enactment of legislation in the 1960s. In 1965, the American legislature enacted the Medicare program, and many experts noted that this piece of legislation may open the door for universal health care. (Callahan, 2006, p. 29) Obviously this never happened, and America has maintained the status quo since.Another side effect of the Medicare program is that it had extreme costs to the government, which Callahan believes has caused many within government to shun any sort of grand ex penditure such as universal health care. (2006, p. 29) The battle between whether small implementation or extreme implementation of a socialized health care system is needed has been at the forefront of the health care debate. Many experts believe small increments in the government’s socialization will be beneficial, but Callahan suggests that according to Canada’s model only a grand implementation will solve the health care problem and small increments will do little to alleviate the crisis that is occurring right now. (2006, p. 29) According to Callahan, America needs a major overhaul and needs to look north to Canada for the ideal health care system.It appears that without this major change, America’s health care crisis will continue to grow to astronomical proportions. The American health care system is in a crisis and needs a change. Canada’s system appears to be better for the patient. A study into Canada’s system is essential in understandin g how the policies would affect the United States. Conclusion The success of the Canadian universal health care system demonstrates how America should switch to a universal-style system as soon as possible. The deteriorating state of the health care system in America illustrates how the American free-enterprise system does not work and does not provide adequate care, access, and lower costs.References Armstrong, P. , Armstrong, H. , & Fegan, C. (1998, June). The Best Solution: Questions and Answers on the Canadian Health Care System. Washington Monthly, 30, 8+. Callahan, D. (2006). Universal Health Care: From the States to the Nation?. The Hastings Center Report, 36(5), 28+. Krasny, J. (1992, February 17). The Wrong Health-Care Model. Is Canada's Health-Care System Really Cheaper?. National Review, 44, 43+. Lesnik, J. (2004). Community Health Centers: Health Care as It Could Be. Journal of Law and Health, 19(1), 1+. Looking to Canada for Health Care Reform. (2006, July). USA Today ( Society for the Advancement of Education), 135, 8.

How Write What You Know Helps You Find a Target Market

How Write What You Know Helps You Find a Target Market How "Write What You Know" Helps You Find a Target Market When she was 26, Fiona MacBain  moved to Tunisia and  ran a watersports base near Sousse with her local husband (more about that at fionamacbain.com). She returned to the UK with her 6-month old daughter in 1999 and eventually settled in Inverness, where she lives with her husband and children. In this article, she talks about  turning her memoir into fiction and how "write what you know" can be a sales tool  when marketing your book.When I was twenty-nine I wrote a memoir. It was about the events that led to me returning to the UK a penniless single mother after spending two years running a watersports base on a beach in Tunisia.I sent it to agents and although a couple showed initial interest, nothing came of it; they did not think there was a sufficient market for the book or enough popular interest in Tunisia. It was my first taste of literary agent rejection.The other Facebook ad was targeted at women across the UK with an interest in Tunisia. The results were phenomenal ; I was astonished at how Facebook managed to track people so specifically. I was inundated with comments and messages from women who, like me, had been married to Tunisian partners, and many other regular holiday makers with a love of the country. Several people commented that they had been drawn to the book because of their experiences of Tunisia - and in this respect, having a blog which covered my own personal experiences of the country was helpful. It gave readers an insight into my life, which generated a personal connection and added interest in my book. It also enabled to me to sell my novel on the back of articles that chronicled my life in Tunisia.The importance of connecting with readers as an indie authorA word of caution is that managing the ads was time-consuming. I replied to every comment, every message,   and managing the ads became a full-time job for the two months they ran. My phone was permanently a few inches from my face; I was walking into lamp-posts, burn ing dinner, and neglecting my children as I replied and chatted with readers. I also didn’t do a shred of writing during that period.Still, the boosted Facebook posts highlight one of the advantages for an indie author: with the help of specific targeting on social media you can connect with readers who have a specific interest that your book meets - books that people wouldn’t typically find in a bookshop. Through Facebook, niche markets are directly available and many readers seem to enjoy the personal contact with the author that social media can provide.Writing fiction based on the old â€Å"write what you know† adage has been a successful and enjoyable experience. My time living in Tunisia gave me first-hand knowledge with which to create setting, places, and characters in a way that was unique and authentic. Most of the research for my novel came from trips down memory lane - and using Facebook, I managed to find a host of readers who seemed to enjoy take that trip with me.Fiona will be doing a reading of "Daughter, Disappeared" on February 3rd at Waterstones, Covent Garden as part of their "Novel London: An Evening of Contemporary Fiction Event"! More information here."Daughter, Disappeared" is available on Amazon in paperback and on Amazon Kindle!Have you lived an experience that made you uniquely qualified to write a book? Have you gone through the process of turning a memoir into a work of fiction? Share any thoughts or questions for Fiona in the comments below!

To what extent have the Millennium Development Goals been a success Essay - 3

To what extent have the Millennium Development Goals been a success - Essay Example e MDGs included the eradication of abject poverty, promotion of the achievement of universal primary education, realization of gender equality and eradication of child mortality (German Watch, 2010:12). Improving maternal health, promoting global partnership for development, eradicating the most notorious disease such as Malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS, and the promotion of environmental sustainability were also among the set MDGs (German Watch, 2010:12). Thus, this being the year when the MDGs were meant to have been achieved, it becomes necessary to take stock of their implementation, to establish whether the MDGs have been a success. However, it can be argued that; although much progress has been made towards realizing the MDGs, many targets are still unmet. The fact that the MDGs have been achieved to a larger extent cannot be denied. The current success stories coming from Africa, Asia and some parts of Latin America are, goes to show that the set target to realize the MDGs by 2015 has made a greater impact in these regions (Manning, 2009:33). While not all of the success stories and positive transformation in these regions can be attributed to the MDGs, there is no doubt that the MDGs have played an important role in enhancing eradication of poverty and promoting development in Africa, Asia and Latin America (Melamed & Scott, 2011:2). Poverty reduction, as one of the eight goals set for achievement by 2015, is an area where the MDGs have had notable success. The poverty reduction target has had success both in the partnership between the developed and the LCDs in projects that would eradicate poverty, as well s in the prioritization of the poverty eradication programs by the LCDs (Easterly, 2009:27). In this respect, the MDGs have been termed as the most successful story in the eradication of poverty in the global history of policy interventions. The proportion of the people living in extreme poverty has been halved within the fifteen year period, where

Article Summary Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Summary - Article Example The decision to prohibit the operations of coal plants is a remarkable turnaround since 2007 for the reason that the prior boost in the prices of natural gas suggested an increase in the construction of new coal-fired power plants. Though, recently, less than a hundred of these power plants underwent development because of the unpredictability of regulations over climate change. Evident resistance to the use of coal for the production of electricity is strongly articulated by the public and top scientists whom as well contributed hampering of the operations of new plants. For James Hansen, a NASA scientist, the most decisive step for rescuing the earth at present is to obstruct the building of new coal-fire power plants with no capability to store and emit CO2. On the other hand, the electricity sector is now vulnerable to climate change regulations and the new research on coal-powered plants presents an important image of the effect of coal-plants banning to the price of

Impact Of Minimalism Art Movement Has On Art Community During 1960s Research Paper

Impact Of Minimalism Art Movement Has On Art Community During 1960s -1970s - Research Paper Example There cannot be any design without a designer; the individuals who trail blazed in this field or whose works, in the strict sense of the word, can be termed as minimalistic art are people like Donald Judd, Carl Andre, Robert Morris, Sol Lewitt and Dan Flavin (Marzona p7). What then is minimalism? Strickland, 2000, 7 defines minimalism as a movement, primarily in post war America towards an art-visual, musical, literary or otherwise- that makes its statements with limited if not the fewest possible resources. Though as Marzona argues, the term minimalism is confined to the visual arts with a major focus on painting. The movement did make a profound a impression on art that was to be seen years later. In artistic sense, it implies using limited materials to create a desired effect, which is, pure and simple. This is created by eliminating the non-essentials features, firms or concepts. In general, minimalism art movement does include synopsis, key ideas, artworks, artist about resource s. This study therefore focuses on how the minimalists, even though they did not want to be labeled as such, impacted on art and the art community with their minimalistic art activities. The minimalism movement did start in the 1960s, as earlier stated, in the United States and the process influenced the modern art as exemplified in such works as painting, sculpture and installation. During the time of its inception, minimal artists desired to have their respective artworks to be enjoyed without disruptions of the conventional aesthetic field. They focused on descriptions like color, and geometric structures and shapes. It is worth noting that the work of the minimalists did transform not only the way art was being viewed but it also elevated the social status of the discipline in the society. A look at each of the minimalists’ works confirms and sheds more light into the elements and purpose of the minimalism art movement. Donald Clarence Judd is one among the leading artist s who contributed immensely to this field. Scheldahi et al p 212 confirms that Judd is the renowned figure behind minimalism, even though he renounced the label and preferred to be known as the ‘maker of objects’ The man credited for having revolutionized art during his time especially in the 1960s and left an impression which was to stay long after he had gone. A Masters Degree graduate in Art History from the University of Columbia, Judde’s work of art has been described as one which is unique and as Scheldahi et al puts it, his work is unfailing elegance even lapidary in a grandiose sort of a way. The major contributions of Jude, notes Arts Foundation, were in the forms of ‘stacks’, ‘boxes’ and ‘progressions’. One such work is untitled, which Arts Connected 2012 confirms became Jude’s trademark. It was simple and austere. Through this, he challenges the viewer to consider the concepts of boredom, monotony and repet ition. He used an artistic style that moved away from illusionism but focused on constructions in which materiality is a key central part to the owners work. Thus Jude’s work of art would be described as one which was created using real materials in real space (Arts Connected 2012). His works bring closer home the understanding of the relationship between art and space. Marzoma notes, as does other writers in this field, the transition of Jude from being a painter to a sculptor. Concrete, plywood, galvanized steel and aluminum are some of the key ingredients in Jude’s recipe in articulating an effective minimalist sculptor. The Green Gallery exhibitions of Jude’s pieces of art work in 1963 appear to have catapulted him to the limelight of the international scene as a renowned minimalist. 12th of February 1994

First Day at an Electrical Job Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

First Day at an Electrical Job - Essay Example    On June 15, 2011, joy would be seen all over my face from the fact that I had secured a job at an Oryx gas-to-liquid company that is classified as a Natural gas producing company. The position that was designated to me was electrical maintenance personnel. My arrival at the Oryx Company was marked with great apprehension because I did not know what to expect in the electrical department of a gas producing company. Numerous pipes could be seen running from one place to another in the company’s compound. Additionally, thick electrical cables were visible that were providing the machines with electrical powers. Natural gas dish machines contributed to most of the electrical machines, which I was designated to maintain by the human resource manager of the company. The morning production section alter I arrived at the company was running smoothly and my job was only to go through manuals that contained the maintenance procedure of the natural gas dish machines. ... exactly twelve o’clock, my supervisor and other electrical personnel took my presence very helping and decided to leave the observation of the electrical wiring as well as the natural gas dish machines. I observed the machines for two hours after which I sensed an electrical burn smell in one of the main supply electrical cable. The smell attracted the attention of other personnel in various departments in the company, which lead to numerous phone calls on the department that I was titled to, which was the department of electrical maintenance. With minimal time to waste, I picked the tools in the office and rushed to a spotted faulty cable. I was surprised to find that one of the motors coolant fans had slipped out of the confined metallic cages and cut the main supply electrical cable into two. The supply cable in that was cut fell on the surface of one of the motors. Most motor surfaces carry a current and once the cable had fallen on one of the surfaces, an electrical short followed intriguing a fire. Fortunately, the company had effective self-fire distinguishers; hence, the fire was put off immediately. Nevertheless, the avoided fire incident did not solve the main problem that had been caused by the faulty coolant fun, which was power cut-out to three natural gas dish machines. Additionally, there was no experienced electrical personnel at the moment that necessitated me to act quickly to fix the electrical supply cable. The process of fixing the cable involved creating a joint at the point that the fun had cut. The other main step was to ensure that the faulty fan was replaced to avoid such a risky incidence. However, most of the risk I got exposed to was fixing the damaged electrical supply cable.  Ã‚  

Pestel Analysis On Petroleum Industry Economics Essay

Pestel Analysis On Petroleum Industry Economics Essay ABSTRACT: In the history of the mankind, the need of resources was the most important factor for political, technological, economic, social evolutions. In modern times need of energy resources become more significant than other industries who were more important during the past like the production of wood, stone, horse breeding, productions of ships, weapons, constructions of buildings and even gold production. The primary energy source is represented by petroleum, commonly known as oil. Petroleum is most used in transport, energy, petrochemical, agriculture and other industries that need oil products in the production of goods. Example: Metallurgy. In this paper it will be present the need of a macro-environmental analysis at the petroleum industry and the external factors that have a powerful influence on this industry. KEYWORD: environment, factors, oil, resource, PESTEL analysis, influence JEL CLASSIFICATIO: L71, L72, N01, N10, N30 1. INTRODUCTION In pre-industrial revolution time, oil was used for making and maintaining the fire, in the blacksmith, in constructions and in the period of war as a weapon (fire traps, fire projectiles of bows or siege engines and even a component of the substance used for medieval flamethrower named Greek fire, which was used in naval warfare). With the development of electricity and transport, the need for the oil rise very much and surpasses the need for coal or natural gas, which were used for the same purpose. Petroleum (oil) industry represents one of the most important components of the energy industry who is like the circulatory system of the human body to the modern economy. Oil industry is divided in: upstream (exploration, development, extraction of oil and natural gas), downstream (transport by oil tanks or pipelines, refineries, retailers and consumers). PESTEL analysis represents of the most important method used to analysis external environment within an organization or an industry sector (Moldoveanu, 2007). Necessity of using the PESTEL analysis on the petroleum industry is represented by the important role that this industry has on the economic, political and social systems around the world. 2. IMPORTANT In this paper, I want to show the importance of the external factors of macro-environment on petroleum industry and complementary industries. I would use PESTEL analysis because it responds to the questions: Are only political, economic and social factors that influence the petroleum industry? The oil industry by could be influenced by the modification of a factor that has no direct contact with industry? 3. PESTEL Analysis on Petroleum Industry PESTEL analysis is used by organizations for identifying the factors of external environment of the market that could influence the organization and entire industry. PESTEL analysis is formed by six macro-environment group of factors: political factors, economic, social, technological factors, environmental factors and legal factors. Other authors add new group factors, named international (Moldoveanu, 2007), but I dont want to split to add this factors because all PESTEL groups of factors contain both national and international description. Macro-environmental factors are less influenced by companies than micro-environmental factors (customers, employee, suppliers, shareholders, media and competitors), but companies of oil industry can have bigger influence of macro-environment than companies from other industries. This fact is resulted because of the need for energy resources for political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal activities. 3.1. Political factors Political factors are represented by the influence of a political entity (party, country, organizations or other type of faction) on the national level, regional level or international level. Most of the countries consider that the oil industry (upstream and downstream) is a strategic point in political, economic and social needs of a country, because this industry has a great influence on transport capacity, energy production, industrial production, chemical production, agriculture and social welfare. The energy independence is a priority objective of every country who wants to be free from a political blackmail from other countries or international organization. The most influent organization in oil production is OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) who has more than 42, 8% of world oil production, other considerable producers of oil or of another substituent, products are United States of America, Countries of European Union, Russia, China, Canada and Brazil. T he consumers who have a great influence on the oil markets are United States of America, China and western European Union countries. For mutual gain, some countries make trade agreement for exchanging of energy resources for money, technology other resources or even protection. A powerful influence over the production of oil and the price is made by instable situation from the Middle East, where every conflict could disturb oil production and transport, resulting in the rising of oil price. Another region that has a great influence upon the petroleum market is ex-soviet space, where disputes are likely resolved by energetic and political blackmail. The policy of foreign oil independence of the United States diminished energetic resource imports, because of that in Alaska were build new exploitations of oil or natural gas and development of substitutes. The austerity programs of European Union have reduced the need for fuels, because of declining of the economic activities and the so cial welfare. The economic crisis made the need for cheap fuels became a priority for the major players of the global stage. Because of this situation, many territorial disputes reappear between countries for oil and natural-gas reserves like: the Falkland Islands dispute between United Kingdom and Argentina; the Arctic plateau dispute between United States of America, Canada, Iceland, Norway and Russia; the Senkaku islands dispute between China, Taiwan and Japan; the South China Sea dispute between numerous Asian countries. National politic factors are represented by grade of authority of the state, political parties, non-governmental organizations and in some cases different factions (rebels, paramilitary entities). Grade of authority of the state represent the power that have the government upon the society, economy, technology, laws. The authority of the state is higher in authoritarian states like dictatorships, theocracies, non-constitutional monarchies, tribal society and is lower in democratic republics and constitutional monarchies were the political power is given by people of the country to the elected politicians. Political parties influence the petroleum industries by imposing state strategy for electoral or economic gains. The non-governmental organizations influence the oil market by promoting anti-pollution campaigns or liberalization of the fuel market. Paramilitary factions use influence on oil industry for blackmailing or for imposing some fees in territories that are controlled by the m, cutting the transport of oil for political gains. Oil companies can have influence on political factors in regions or countries were oil in primary source of making income and in regions or countries were the energy resource are scarce and attracting additional one is need for good function of economic activities. In modern economic, because of the globalization, the state canà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t protect the external market like in mercantile system(Strange S., 1996), resulting that companies can occupy new markets or acquire new resources alone. 3.2. Economic factors Economic factors are represented by the: influences of the supply and demand on the oil price; influences of the supply or demand of the complementary goods; influence of the supply and demand of substitute resources; the USD exchange rate (petrol-dollar policy); the price of the oil barrel on the important stock exchanges; economic situation on regional and global stages; value of the known reserves, interest rate for financing; value of stock market indexes (DOW Jones, StandardPoor). The demand for fuels is influenced by variation of transport activities (road, rail, aviation, naval) that represent almost 60 %(OPEC,2011), petrochemical industry, other industries, agriculture and energy production. Variation of need for road transport activities is influenced by the number of the auto vehicles used by population or organizations; the earns of every car owner, the frequency of using his own car, the customer culture for fuels effect on the environment, the road infrastructure, seasons, touring activities. Rail transport is represented by trains that use fuels for transport; this kind of transport is used in developing countries that have big oil production. Aviation is one of the transport sectors that grown very rapidly, representing 6% of total oil demand (OPEC,2011), two thirds been represented by OECD (Organization For Economic Co-Operation And Development). Oil demand for naval transport is represented in big proportion by cargo ships that transport goods from developing countries (goods and resources producers) to developed countries (services producers). Petrochemical industry represents approximately 10% of total oil demand and the products that are produced by this industry are: plastics, synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, detergents, paints, adhesives, aerosols, insecticides, pharmaceuticals and others. Others industry sectors which demand oil or complementary products from oil are iron and steel industry, cement industry, auto vehicles industry, naval industry, mining, construction and many others. In agriculture demand for oil and complementary products are for a wide range of activities like farming, pasturing, animal husbandry, fishing, hunting, beekeeping and many others. Table 1. Vehicle and passenger car ownership in 2008 Name Population Millions Auto vehicles Millions Cars Millions Cars per 1000 1 North America 457.7 299.9 265.5 580.1 2 West Europe 542.2 274.2 236.0 435.3 3 Pacific OECD 200.8 111.2 85.9 427.8 OECD 1,200.6 685.3 587.4 489.2 4 Latin America 421.7 76.2 59.7 141.5 5 Middle East and Africa 824.1 35.0 22.4 27.2 6 South Asia 1,595.4 24.9 16.6 10.4 7 South-East Asia 641.5 53.1 33.7 52.5 8 China 1,337.4 49.5 36.0 26.9 9 OPEC 384.8 39.8 28.7 68.5 Developing countries 5,205.0 278.4 197.0 37.9 10 Russia 142.0 34.8 29.5 207.8 11 Other transition economies 198.8 38.2 34.7 174.6 Transition economies 340.7 73.0 64.2 188.4 World 6,746.3 1,036.7 1848.6 125.8 SOURCE: adapted from World Oil Outlook 2011, p. 80 Table 2. Aviation oil demand prediction Name People that travel with planes Millions in 2008 People that will travel with planes Millions 1 North America 1.7 2.0 2 West Europe 1.1 1.3 3 Pacific OECD 0.4 0.6 OECD 3.3 3.8 4 Latin America 0.2 0.3 5 Middle East and Africa 0.2 0.3 6 South Asia 0.1 0.3 7 South-East Asia 0.5 0.8 8 China 0.3 0.7 9 OPEC 0.3 0.4 Developing countries 1.5 2.7 10 Russia 0.3 0.4 11 Other transition economies 0.1 0.1 Transition economies 0.3 0.5 World 5.1 7.0 SOURCE: adapted from World Oil Outlook 2011, p. 95 The financial system has influenced the petroleum industry in 2008 very much, making oil price to drop from history peak price of 141 USD per barrel, in July, to 33 USD per barrel only at the end of the year. This fact is explained by the beginning of financial crisis that influenced negatively the income of the companies and of the population, making the companies and people to cut the cost, or to become insolvent, resulting to diminish of economic activities across the world who make the demand for transport to fall that making the fall of oil price. 3.3. Social factors Social factors are represented by demography, culture, ethnic structure, religion structure, inter-cultural relation, structure of family, ideological view, literacy, urbanization, income distribution, migration, use of communication technology, cultural view to the different products. All around the world, do not exist a culture that is against oil exploitation and for using the oil products, most of the population saw the oil industry like a necessity for development and welfare, but are segments within the population who see the oil industry as an important factor of pollution of the environment. Population which has culture of the protection of the natural environment is located in developed countries, because not need a high rate of developing. In the countries were populations are more friendly with environment; government imposes pollution fees and pollution reduction laws and norms to petroleum industry, and complementary industries. Many companies which make complementary products, like cars, invest in reduction of fuel consumptions or start to produce hybrid products. In the developing countries, populations from see the need for development and growing rate of welfare more important than environment protection; they accept the pollution like a cost for e conomic growth. Table 3. Population level and growth forecast Name Population Millions 2010 2035 1 North America 466 555 2 West Europe 547 576 3 Developed countries of Pacific 201 194 Developed countries 1,215 1,325 4 Latin America 431 516 5 Middle East and Africa 882 1,422 6 South Asia 1,644 2,144 7 South East Asia 657 809 8 China 1,354 1,462 Developing countries 5,372 6,939 9 Russia 141 126 10 Other economy in transition(Eastern Europe and Ex-soviet space) 199 201 Economies in transition 340 327 World 6,927 8,590 Source: adapted from Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, http://esa.un.org/unpp/ panel_population.htm and World Oil Outlook 2011, p. 38 In table above, Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat forecast that the population of developed countries will have a smaller population growth then the developing countries, which will rise from 5372 millions people to 6939 millions people (higher rise been in south Asia) and countries that are in transition will have a population in decrease, resulting in a growth of the population from 6,927 millions in 2010 to 8,590 in 2035. The populations of developed countries that consume most of the fuels and energy, in these days, are growing slow and are ageing very rapidly, resulting in diminish of the need for oil in future. However, the growth of the population, in developing countries, will impose the rise of the energy resources for growing transport, petrochemical industries and electricity production needs. So de results will be that the need from developing countries for oil will surpass the reducing of need from developed countries, so the demand for oil will grow. Urbanization is another factor that influences the need for energy, because urban population consumes more energy resources for transportation, electric energy or petrochemicals (plastics, fibers) than rural population. Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat forecast that in 2035 the urban population will grow with 50,69% and rural will decrease with 4,17%. In developing countries growing of urban population will be larger than developed countries with almost 1432 millions. Rural population in developed countries will decrease with almost 16 milions and in developing countries will remain almost the same. Table 4. Population forecast by urban/rural classification Name 2010 2035 Millions Millions Urban Rural Urban Rural 1 North America 384 83 488 67 2 West Europe 398 149 461 115 3 Developed countries of Pacific 145 56 154 40 Developed countries 928 287 1102 222 4 Latin America 362 69 462 55 5 Middle East and Africa 353 529 751 671 6 South Asia 500 1,144 944 1,200 7 South East Asia 284 373 455 354 8 China 636 717 949 513 Developing countries 2394 2978 4001 2938 9 Russia 103 38 99 27 10 Other economy in transition(Eastern Europe and Ex-soviet space) 116 83 134 67 Economies in transition 219 121 232 95 World 3541 3385 5336 3244 Source: adapted from Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, http://esa.un.org/unpp/ panel_population.htm and World Oil Outlook 2011, p. 43 Petroleum industry has a great impact on social welfare, because it fuels the transports and electricity production, activities that have a great impact on human development, production of goods and services and communication. 3.4. Technological factors Technological factors are represented by technologies, techniques and methods that influence the activities within an organization (Palmer A. Hartley B., 2009). The technological factors could influence an organization from inside the industry, by making the need to acquire the last technologies (by buying equipment), techniques and methods (by hiring a trained human resource in new techniques or train the old human resource with the new techniques and methods). Once acquired, these factors will influence the organization from inside. In oil industry, the technologies are used exploration, in exploitation, transport( roads, oil tanks, pipelines), in refineries, in storage, in promoting marketing strategies, in selling; in researching and development of the brand-new products or in upgrading the old ones, in reducing the time of production the losses from the production process. Secondary technologies and techniques could be used in environment protection, workers protection, in impr oving the efficiency of the management by using of new software and hardware, improving the maintaining and repairing activities. All these factors could be used against an oil company, if a rival company owns them like a competitive advantage. Because of that will result in a perpetual race (Nicolescu Verboncu, 2009) for acquiring the news and the most efficient technologies, techniques and methods that will have the results of takings a greater share from downstream market and a greater share from the upstream market, to acquire more oil reserves or to impose the price. Technologies that influence the oil company from outside the oil industry can influence entire oil industry (upstream and downstream). These technologies are represented by the complementary products and substitutable products. The complementary products influence the demand for oil by developing technologies that will reduce the consumption of oil products or replaced them with other a substitutable product. The complementary products are represented by auto vehicles, airplanes, ships, petrochemicals (plastics, synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, detergents, paints, adhesives, aerosols, insecticides and pharmaceuticals), energy, agricultural product or other industrial products. The substitutable products are represented by-products of the rest of energy industries. These industries are: the coal industry, natural-gas industry (which includes the new shale gas industry), nuclear industry, biomass industry, hydro industry and other renewable-energy industry (solar, wind, geothermal). Like the many coal and gas industries, the oil industry in life phase of maturity, because development of the new technologies became very hard and oil reserves are half depleted. Table 5. Forecast of world supply of primary energy level mboe/d (equivalent of a million barrels per day) Growth % per year Fuel share % 2008 2035 2008à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬35 2008 2035 Oil 80.6 101 0.8 35.2 28.4 Coal 66.6 101.5 1.6 29.1 28.5 Gas 52 90 2 22.7 25.3 Nuclear 14.3 22.5 1.7 6.2 6.3 Hydro 5.5 10.3 2.3 2.4 2.9 Biomass 8.5 20.3 3.3 3.7 5.7 Other renewables 1.5 10.4 7.5 0.6 2.9 Total 229 355.9 1.6 100 100 Sources: adapted from World Oil Outlook 2011, p. 50 The analysis from table above will result that the need for primary energy will grow from 2008 to 2035 with 51%( from 229 mboe/d to 355,9 mboe/d) The fossil fuels (oil, gas, and coal) will decrease from 87%(199,2 mboe/d) to 82%(292,5 mboe/d) from the total of the energy supplies, but the oil will remain the most-used resource. Nuclear will almost double the production, but more use of atomic energy will be limited because of fear of nuclear disasters like Chernobyl and Fukushima. Biomass will grow with almost 240%, but the principal problem of this resource is that will compete with the need for food production, because plants, which made biomass, are using the same soil that is used in agriculture for cultivating the wheat and corn or pastures of domestic animals. Hydro will almost double in 25 years, but the great difficulty will be to find new efficient places for building hydro centrals, because most of the rivers will also have hydro central. Rest of renewable-energy production will grow will approximately seven times, from 2008 to 2035; the main issues of renewable energy are: investments are high in comparison with fossil fuels, efficiently is lower, in most of the world region renewable energy can be produced only in some seasons, and it has a dependence to weather conditions. 3.5. Environment factors Environment factors are represented by the geographical position, landform, climate, fauna, flora, rock structure and natural resource that are in case of petroleum companies represented by oil reserves. Geographic position influence the activity of oil companies because it defines the distances between exploitation, refiners and consumers (for example, oil from Middle East can be transported half the world, exploitation to refiners), or could influence the demand for oil because of transports, international trade and migration. Landform influences the difficulty of exploitation, transportation to the refiners and consumers; demand is influenced by the consumption of the fuel in heavy terrains. Climate influences the difficulty of oil exploitation in time of the cold season in north climates, or hot seasons of desert climate, demand for oil grown in winter because of low speed traffic or energy consumption. Flora and fauna influence cost oil exploitation because of existing of the oi l reserves in natural parks, or because of existing difficult access area because of vegetation and dangerous animals. Rocks structure made difficulties of exploration and exploitation oil. World oil reserves are estimated to 1481.526 billion barrels according to OPEC Annual Statistic Bulletin 2012. The biggest oil reserves are in Saudi Arabia, Canada, Iran, Kuwait, Arab Emirates, Venezuela Russia, Libya, Nigeria, United States of America, China, Qatar, Mexico, Algeria and India. These countries have own 95% of oil reserves. One specification of the environmental factors is represented by natural disasters: hurricanes, tornados, cyclones, snow storms, sand storms, extreme temperatures, earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruption that could make material loss and casualties, but could disturb economic activities. Economic activities that could be disturbed are road, rail, naval, air traffic, could decline the demand for unnecessary goods and raise the demand for the primary need goods l ike water, food, pharmaceutics, construction materials, fuels, clothes. Petroleum industry influences the natural environment because of pollution and capacity of changing from natural to artificial environment by fueling the developing of modern economy. Pollution is represented by fuel emission from uses of auto vehicles, airplanes, ships and emissions from refineries that produce fuels or other petrochemical products that have a great influence on climate changing. Other pollution events are represented by accidents that can happen in activities of exploration, exploitation, refining and transport, contaminating the water, air and soil with oil, fuels or wastes. 3.6. Legal factors Legal factors are represented by constitutions, laws, norms and regulations of the local authorities, governments, international institutions, international communities (European Union, the North American Free Trade Agreement, the African Union and the Association of South East Asian Nations). This factors influence the modalities of exploration, of exploitation, of the refiner, of transportation and of commercialization of oil and oil products. The legal factors also impose laws and regulations for pollution, social protection, work protection, work regulation, competition regulation, anti-trust regulation, consumer protection, international trade (trade agreements between nations or embargoes to some countries), subsidies, the taxes( like the excise rates for fuels and oil price or taxes and fees over profit to the energy companies). Table 6. Tax rate in comparison with price Country Oil price USD per liter Tax rate Tax United Kingdom 1.76 65.1% 1.15 Germany 1.53 66.3% 1.02 Italy 1.418 66.3% 0.94 France 1.49 63.7% 0.95 Japan 1.14 49.6% 0.57 Canada 0.90 33.3% 0.30 USA 0.75 16.0% 0.12 Source: Who get What from imported oil (2011) http://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/publications/341.htm 4. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the importance of knowing the macro-environment on an industry such as important like petroleum industry is crucial in the modern economy, because these factors represent the opportunities and threats of this economic sector. Many specialists think that the change from fossil fuels to the renewable resources would resolve many of the problems and threats that the oil industry has. So the transition from oil to renewable resources should be faster, omitting many variables upstream and downstream of this industry. If a change of the principal energy resources will be made, it will be required to take caution steps, because this could make a shortage of the energy resources that could destabilize the entire world social-economic-system. For changing main energy resource will be necessary to reconvert many equipments and machinery, training the human resource, make social campaign to encourage the people to use new fuel, invest in new research about efficiency of the new f uel, the environment impact, search for new reserves and make new regulation for the use of this resource.